BioResearch Update - References

[#2008-02] Am J Chin Med. 2008;36(2):265-85.

Submerged culture mycelium and broth of Grifola frondosa improve glycemic responses in diabetic rats.

Lo HC, Hsu TH, Chen CY.

Grifola frondosa, an edible fungus with a large fruiting body and overlapping caps, has been demonstrated to be a natural source of health-promoting substances, mainly due to its polysaccharides beta-glucan. By using male Wistar rats injected with saline (normal rats) or nicotinamide plus streptozotocin (diabetic rats), we investigated the effects of an orally ingested placebo (CON and STZ groups), culture mycelium (CGM and SGM groups), broth (CGB and SGB groups), and ...

Antiatherosclerotic effect of the edible mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii (Eringi), Grifola frondosa (Maitake), and Hypsizygus marmoreus (Bunashimeji) in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice

Mori K(a,b), Kobayashi C(c), Tomita T(c), Inatomi S(b), Ikeda M(c,d)

In the present study, we examined the antiatherosclerotic effects of 3 edible mushrooms, Pleurotus eryngii (Eringi), Grifola frondosa (Maitake), and Hypsizygus marmoreus (Bunashimeji), in atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6J, apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE−/−) mice. Male apoE−/− mice (6 weeks of age) were fed a normal diet (cholesterol concentration b66 mg/100 g) or a normal diet containing 3% dried Eringi, Maitake, or ...

Induction of apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells by polysaccharide-peptide GFPS1b from the cultured mycelia of Grifola frondosa GF9801.

Cui FJ(a), Li Y(c), Xu YY(d), Liu ZQ(e), Huang DM(a), Zhang ZC(a), Tao WY(b)

The biological function of GFPPS1b, a novel polysaccharide-peptide isolated from cultured mycelia of Grifola frondosa GF9801, was well investigated. GFPS1b has anti-tumor activity and can significantly inhibit the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells, whereas slightly influences the growth of human normal liver cell line L-02. When treated with GFPS1b, SGC-7901 cells showed typical apoptotic morphological features such as the loss of villus and appearance of apoptotic bodies on the cell surface, volume reduction, and chromatin condensation, ...

Effect of various natural products on growth of bladder cancer cells: two promising mushroom extracts.

Konno S

Despite the availability of several therapeutic options, a safer and more effective modality is urgently needed for treatment of bladder cancer. Specific immunotherapy is effective, but severe side effects limit its clinical use and underscore the need for unconventional therapies using less toxic substances. Many natural substances are touted for their medicinal aspects and side effect profiles, and some of these have been well characterized for their biological and medicinal properties. ...

Isolation, identification and function of a novel anti-HSV-1 protein from Grifola frondosa

Gu CQ, Li JW, Chao FH, Jin M, Wang XW, Shen ZQ

A novel antiviral protein was purified from an extract of Grifola frondosa fruiting bodies using a procedure that included 40% ammonium sulfate　precipitation and DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography, and designated GFAHP. This protein inhibited herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication in vitro with an IC50 value of 4.1 mcg/ml and a therapeutic index >29.3. ...

Enhancement of Umbilical Cord Blood Cell Hematopoiesis by Maitake Beta-Glucan Is Mediated by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Production

Lin H(a,b), Cheung SWY(b), Nesin M(b), Cassileth BR(a), Cunningham-Rundles S(b)

Maitake beta-glucan (MBG) is an extract from the fruit body of the Grifola frondosa mushroom that is being widely used to treat cancer in Asia. We have previously reported that MBG enhances mouse bone marrow cell (BMC) hematopoiesis in vitro and protects BMC from doxorubicin (DOX) toxicity. In the current study, we investigated the ability of MBG to enhance hematopoiesis and to reduce the toxic effects of DOX on fresh human umbilical cord blood (CB) cells. ...

Stimulating Effects of Grifola frondosa (Maitake) on human osteoblastic cell cultures

Saif A, Lindequist U, Wende K

The effect of Grifola frondosa (GF) total water extract on two osteoblastic cell cultures (HOS58 and SaOS-2) was investigated to determine if this edible medicinal mushroom has osteoinductive properties. The activity of alkaline phosphate and mineralization were used as indicators for the vitality and maturation of bone cells. ...

Enhanced insulin-hypoglycemic activity in rats consuming a specific glycoprotein extracted from maitake mushroom

Preuss HG, Echard B, Bagchi D, Perricone NV, Zhuang C

Aim: Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (ipGTT) and insulin challenge (ICT) tests were implemented to evaluate whether a specific glycoprotein extract of maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) known as SX-fraction enhances insulin sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods: SHR were divided randomly into a control group, a group receiving the antidiabetic drug, pioglitazone, in their diet, and three groups consuming three different concentrations of SX-fraction derived from Maitake mushroom in their food. ...

Inhibition of hepatitis B virus by D-fraction from Grifola frondosa: Synergistic effect of combination with interferon-alpha in HepG2 2.2.15

Gu CQ, Li JW, Chao FH

In this study, D-fraction extracted from Grifola frondosa (GF-D) and its combination with human interferon alpha-2b (IFN) were investigated for the inhibitory effect on hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HepG2 2.2.15 cells (2.2.15 cells). HBV DNA and viral antigens were analyzed by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and end-point titration in radioimmunoassays, respectively. ...

Immunomodulatory Properties of Grifola frondosa in Submerged Culture

Wu MJ(a), Cheng TL(b), Cheng SY(a), Lian TW(a), Wang LS(c), Chiou SY(d)

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) is a popular mushroom in Asia for its tasty flavor and immune- stimulating　property. The aim of the study is to investigate the innate immunity augmentation effects of different extracts of mycelia and culture filtrate from G. frondosa in submerged cultures. The hot water extract of mycelia showed the strongest cytokine induction effect as a function of its concentration in human whole blood culture. ...

Macrophage J774.1 cell is activated by MZ-Fraction (Klasma-MZ) polysaccharide in Grifola frondosa

Masuda Y, Kodama N, Nanba H

We previously reported that the (beta-1,3)-branched (beta-1,6)-glucan, MD-Fraction extracted from the fruit body of the edible maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) exhibits an antitumor effect. In this study, we separated a new polysaccharide from maitake, which we named Maitake MZ-Fraction (Klasma-MZ). MZ-Fraction is a beta-glucan with a low molecular weight of about 20 000, which has a beta-1,3- and a beta-1,6-bond. ...

Low molecular weight maitake MD-Fraction (Klasma-MD) hydrolyzed with endo-b-1,6-glucanase of Trichoderma harzianum induces antitumor activities

Miyake N, Masuda Y, Murata Y, Inoue M, Matuda K, Okamoto K, Nanba H, Kodama N

We previously reported that MD-Fraction (Klasma-MD), a specific-structured beta-glucan extracted from fruit bodies of maitake mushrooms (Grifola frondosa), can activate cellular immune systems and express antitumor effects. The molecular weight of the MD-Fraction ranged from 1,200,000 to 2,000,000. The molecular weight of the products of the MD-Fraction obtained after hydrolysis by endo-beta-1,6-glucanase from Tricoderma harzianum was reduced to 250,000 in terms of dextran, ...

Are Botanical Glucans Effective in Enhancing Tumoricidal Cell Activity?

Cunningham-Rundles S, Lin H, Cassileth B

Studies of nutrient immune interactions have shown that protein calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency impair immune development and immune response especially in critical phases of life. More recently, important data on the role of fatty acids in immune responses has emerged. The question of how or when dietary intervention might augment immune response or reduce any specific disease expression remains open. ...

Maitake D-Fraction enhances antitumor effects and reduces immunosuppression by mitomycin-C in tumor-bearing mice

Kodama N, Murata Y, Asakawa A, Inui A, Hayashi M, Sakai N, Nanba H.

OBJECTIVE: D-Fraction, a polysaccharide extracted from maitake mushrooms (Grifola frondosa), has been reported to exhibit an antitumor effect through activation of immunocompetent cells, including macrophages and T cells, with modulation of the balance between T-helper 1 and 2 cells. We examined whether D-Fraction could decrease the effective dosage of the chemotherapeutic agent, mitomycin-C (MMC), necessary to control carcinoma in mice. ...

Enhancement of cytotoxicity of NK cells by D-Fraction, a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa

Kodama N, Asakawa A, Inui A, Masuda Y, Nanba H.

In innate immunity, activated natural killer (NK) cells attack and damage pathogens such as bacteria and virus without restriction by the MHC antigen. NK cells activated by IL-12 have been reported to recognize and kill tumor cells in perforin-mediated apoptosis. We have reported that D-Fraction, a polysaccharide extracted from the maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), activates macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells and inhibits the growth of tumor cells. ...

Administration of a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa stimulates immune function of normal mice

Kodama N, Murata Y, Nanba H.

We have reported that D-Fraction, a polysaccharide extracted from the edible maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), activates immunocompetent cells, thereby eliciting antitumor activity. To extend the application of D-Fraction as a nutritional supplement for healthy people as well as treatment for those with cancer, we investigated the effects of D-Fraction on the immune system in normal C3H/HeJ mice. ...

Potential growth inhibitory effect of maitake D-fraction on canine cancer cells

Konno S.

The postulated anticancer effect of D-fraction, the bioactive extract of maitake mushroom, on three types (CF33, CF21, and CL-1) of canine cancer cells was evaluated. The effect of D-fraction on several human cancer cells was also investigated. The effect of other beta-glucan products was likewise examined. D-fraction was highly effective on the canine cancer cells, either potently inhibiting cell growth or directly killing cells. Similar effects were also demonstrated in certain human cancer cells. ...

Safety of Maitake D-Fraction in Healthy Patients

Glauco, S(a), Jano, F(a), Paolo, G(a), Konno, S(b)

Both in vivo and in vitro studies and limited clinical trials thus far support a potent immunostimulatory, anticancer or antitumor as well as apoptosis-inducing activity for D-fraction, which may have great potential for cancer treatment and prevention. However, information on the safety of D-fraction or actual positive or negative effects of D-fraction on healthy human subjects had yet been lacking or insufficient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the safety of D-fraction in normal, healthy subjects; ...

Usefulness of AntiCancer Complementary Immune Therapy with DVM Fraction

Shimada, T(a), Shnidman, E(b), Shirota, M(b)

D-fraction was used as a complementary therapy for dogs with cancer treated with conventional anti-cancer therapies (surgery and chemotherapy). Due to its appealing taste, the dogs did not offer any resistance to its long-term use. According to pet owners, in almost all cases it helped to maintain or improve the quality of life of the dogs, with no observable side effects or undesirable changes in blood chemistry. ...

Maitake beta-glucan MD-fraction enhances bone marrow colony formation and reduces doxorubicin toxicity in vitro

Lin H, She YH, Cassileth BR, Sirotnak F, Cunningham Rundles S.

Previous studies have indicated that MD-fraction (MDF), in which the active component is beta 1,6-glucan with beta 1,3-branches, has anti-tumor activity as an oral agent and acts as an immune adjuvant. Since some other beta glucans appear to promote mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells, the effects of a beta glucan extract from the Maitake mushroom "MD-fraction" on hematopoietic stem cells were examined in a colony forming assay. ...

Relationship between dendritic cells and the D-fraction-induced Th-1 dominant response in BALB/c tumor-bearing mice

Harada N, Kodama N, Nanba H.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are known to not only induce the activation of T cells, but are also associated with the differentiation of T cells. The D-fraction, a beta-glucan extracted from maitake (Grifola frondosa) which expresses anti-tumor effects by establishing a helper (Th)-1 dominance in BALB/c mice, enhanced IL-12p70 production by DCs, when the ratio of CD8alpha(+) DCs to CD8alpha(-) DCs increased. ...

Effect of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-Fraction on the activation of NK cells in cancer patients

Kodama N, Komuta K, Nanba H.

Maitake D-Fraction, extracted from maitake mushroom, has been reported to exert its antitumor effect in tumor-bearing mice by enhancing the immune system through activation of macrophages, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. In a previous study, the combination of immunotherapy with the maitake D-Fraction and chemotherapy suggested that the D-Fraction may have the potential to decrease the size of lung, liver, and breast tumors in cancer patients. ...

Effects of niacin-bound chromium, Maitake mushroom fraction SX and (-)-hydroxycitric acid on the metabolic syndrome in aged diabetic Zucker fatty rats

Talpur N, Echard BW, Yasmin T, Bagchi D, Preuss HG.

Previous studies in our laboratories have demonstrated that niacin-bound chromium (NBC), Maitake mushroom and (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) can ameliorate hypertension, dyslipidemias and diabetes mellitus, and therefore may be useful in weight management. In the present study, we used aged, diabetic Zucker fatty rats (ZFR) (70-75 weeks) in order to determine whether NBC, fraction SX of Maitake mushroom (MSX) and 60% (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) from Garcinia cambogia, ...

Effects of Maitake mushroom fractions on blood pressure of Zucker fatty rats

Talpur N, Echard B, Dadgar A, Aggarwal S, Zhuang C, Bagchi D, Preuss HG.

A link exists between insulin resistance and many chronic disorders of aging including advancing-age. A safer means to prevent or, at least, slow the erosion of insulin sensitivity would provide a novel approach to better health. We compared the ability of a specific extract labeled fraction SX, as well as whole Maitake powder, fraction ES and fraction D of Maitake to influence SBP and various pertinent biochemical parameters when given orally to Zucker Fatty rats, a model of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. ...

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the mycelia of the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa

Zhang Y, Mills GL, Nair MG.

The bioassay-guided isolation and purification of the hexane extract of the cultured mycelia of Grifola frondosa led to the characterization of a fatty acid fraction and three compounds, ergosterol (1), ergostra-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (2), and 1-oleoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-palmitoylglycerol (3). The composition of fatty acid fraction was confirmed as palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids by GC-MS and by comparison with the retention values of authentic samples. ...

Chemosensitization of carmustine with maitake beta-glucan on androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells: involvement of glyoxalase I

Finkelstein MP, Aynehchi S, Samadi AA, Drinis S, Choudhury MS, Tazaki H, Konno S.

OBJECTIVE: To improve the poor efficacy (< 10%) of chemotherapy for patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer, we investigated a possible cytotoxic effect of carmustine/beta-glucan combination on prostatic cancer PC-3 cells, focusing on a glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzyme, glyoxalase I (Gly-I). ...

Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of whole Maitake mushroom powder and its fractions in two rat strains

Talpur NA, Echard BW, Fan AY, Jaffari O, Bagchi D, Preuss HG.

Maitake mushroom has been reported to favorably influence hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of whole Maitake mushroom powder and two extracts designated as ether soluble (ES) and water soluble (WS) on Zucker fatty rats (ZFR), a model of insulin resistance, and on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a model of genetic hypertension. ...

Effects of a water-soluble extract of maitake mushroom on circulating glucose/insulin concentrations in KK mice

Manohar V, Talpur NA, Echard BW, Lieberman S, Preuss HG.

AIM: We examined benefits of a water-soluble extract of maitake mushroom designated as Fraction X (FXM) on the glucose/insulin metabolism of insulin-resistant KK mice, and compared the results of FXM with those of a sulphonylurea, Glipizide. DESIGN: In several acute studies, insulin-resistant KK mice were gavaged with a single dose of varying concentrations of FXM, or a single dose of one concentration of the oral hypoglycaemic drug, Glipizide. ...

A polysaccharide, extract from Grifola frondosa, induces Th-1 dominant responses in carcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice

Kodama N, Harada N, Nanba H.

A polysaccharide, designated as the D-fraction, extracted from maitake (Grifola frondosa), was reported to have anti-tumor effects by activating macrophages and T cells in C3H/HeN mice in which a Th-1 dominant response was established. In this study using BALB/c mice in which a Th-2 response is genetically dominant, D-fraction reduced the expression of Th-2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 but markedly increased the expression of Th-1 cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma in CD4(+) T cells ...

Effect of maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-fraction on the control of the T lymph node Th-1/Th-2 proportion

Inoue A, Kodama N, Nanba H.

We have already reported that the D-Fraction, a beta-glucan extracted from the fruiting body of the maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), activates cellular immunity and expresses anti-tumor effects. In this study we investigated the anti-tumor functions of D-Fraction in relation to its control of the balance between T lymphocyte subsets Th-1 and Th-2. ...

Effects of D-Fraction, a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa on tumor growth involve activation of NK cells

Kodama N, Komuta K, Sakai N, Nanba H.

Natural killer (NK) cells are directly cytotoxic for tumor cells and play a primary role in regulating immune responses. We monitored levels of NK cell cytotoxic activity in cancer patients receiving D-Fraction extracted from maitake mushrooms (Grifola frondosa). Elevated levels of cytotoxic activity were maintained for one year. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying long-term activation of NK cells during treatment with D-Fraction, we examined tumor volume and levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha ...

Relationship between Solubility of Grifolan, a Fungal 1,3-beta-D-Glucan, and Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor by Macrophages in Vitro.

Ishibashi K, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Ohno N, Yadomae T.

Grifolan, GRN, is a fungal antitumor beta-glucan isolated from Grifola frondosa. Various studies suggested that the underlying mechanism of the antitumor activity of GRN is strongly related to immune modulation. In the previous publication (Adachi et al., 1994; Okazaki et al., 1995), we have shown that GRN activates macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in vitro. In this study, the structural unit essential to produce TNF was examined by chemical modifications of GRN. ...

A Possible Hypoglycemic Effect of Maitake Mushroom on Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Konno S, Tortorelis G, Fullerton SA, Samadi AA, Hettiarachchi J, Tazaki H

Two patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes had significantly elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels even with administration of glibenclamide, a commonly-prescribed diabetes drug. Both patients were given Maitake mushroom caplets (500 mg) in daily doses, along with their glibenclamide, and experienced a sharp drop in blood glucose levels to within the normal range. ...

Nitric oxide-mediated antitumor activity induced by the extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in a macrophage cell line, RAW264.7

Sanzen I, Imanishi N, Takamatsu N, Konosu S, Mantani N, Terasawa K, Tazawa K, Odaira Y, Watanabe M, Takeyama M, Ochiai H.

We have investigated D-fraction (MDF) extracted from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) on the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 (RAW) cells, a murine monocyte/macrophage cell line, with special reference to antitumor activity of MDF against human hepatoma-derived huH-1 cells. MDF could induce iNOS mRNA expression in RAW cells in a dose range of more than 30 mcg/ml, but the effect of 10 mcg/ml of MDF was negligible. ...

Maitake (Grifola frondosa) improve glucose tolerance of experimental diabetic rats

Horio H, Ohtsuru M.

We have previously reported that rats with diabetes induced by injecting streptozotocin into neonates showed remarkably lower blood glucose, urine volume, and glucosuria after administration of Maitake (Grifola frondosa). In the present study, we investigated the effects of Maitake on insulin concentration, organ weight, serum composition, and islets of Langerhans in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using the same method. ...

Effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-Fraction on the carcinoma angiogenesis

Matsui K, Kodama N, Nanba H.

We have reported that D-Fraction extracted from maitake (Grifola frondosa), activates immune competent cells, and indicates anti-tumor activities. The D-Fraction was observed to induce angiogenesis in vivo and to enhance the proliferation capability and migration capability of human vascular endothelial cell in vitro. ...

Addition of Maitake D-fraction reduces the effective dosage of vancomycin for the treatment of Listeria-infected mice

Kodama N, Yamada M, Nanba H.

Maitake D-fraction, beta1,6-glucan having beta1,3-branches, has been reported to activate the immune system of the host. To elucidate whether the D-fraction can reduce the clinical effective dosage of antibiotics in the treatment of opportunistic bacterial infection, we examined the effects of D-fraction on the treatment of Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice in combination with vancomycine (VCM), the only antibiotic used for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). ...

Cholesterol-lowering effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) fiber, shiitake (Lentinus edodes) fiber, and enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) fiber in rats

Fukushima M, Ohashi T, Fujiwara Y, Sonoyama K, Nakano M.

The effects of mushroom fibers on serum cholesterol and hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mRNA in rats were investigated. Rats were fed a cholesterol-free diet with 50 g/kg cellulose powder (CP), 50 g/kg maitake (Grifola frondosa) fiber (MAF), 50 g/kg shiitake (Lentinus edodes) fiber (SF), or 50 g/kg enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) fiber (EF) for 4 weeks. ...

Suppression of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury by mushrooms in rats

Lee EW, He P, Kawagishi H, Sugiyama K.

Six species of edible mushroom were found to suppress D-galactosamine-induced enhancement of plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities when powdered mushrooms were added to the diet (5%) and fed to rats for 2 wk. Grifola frondosa exhibited the most potent effect in a dose-dependent manner. A significant effect was observed only from the water-soluble low-molecular-weight fraction of G. frondosa. ...

Effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) polysaccharide on collagen-induced arthritis in mice

Shigesue K, Kodama N, Nanba H.

We recently reported the anti-hepatitis effect of a polysaccharide, designated as the D-fraction, extracted from maitake. Its effect includes immuno-regulating activities. We investigated the effect of the glucan in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The D-fraction was administered to CIA mice for 30 consecutive days. ...

Activities of Polysaccharides Obtained from Grifola frondosa on Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Streptozotocin in Mice

Kurushima, H, Kodama, N, Nanba, H

In an experiment with C57BL/6J model mice having insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) induced by streptozotocin, the glucans obtained from Maitake fruit body were found to suppress activation and proliferation of macrophages and consequently to inhibit the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and IL (interleukin)-1beta, which are beta-cell destruction factors, suppressing their production to 0.17 and 0.33, respectively, relative to the control mice. ...

Effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) glucan in HIV-infected Patients

Nanba, H(a), Kodama, N(a), Schar, D(b), Turner, D(b)

The effects of MD-Fraction, a beta-glucan extracted from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), on the health status of individuals suffering from HIV infection were evaluated in a long-term trial. The HIV status of the 35 respondents who participated in the study was followed by monitoring CD4+ cell counts, viral load measure, symptoms of HIV infection, status of secondary disease, and sense of well-being. ...

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[#2000-02] Mol Urol. 2000; 4(1): 7-13.

Induction of apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells with beta-glucan (Maitake mushroom polysaccharide)

Fullerton SA, Samadi AA, Tortorelis DG, Choudhury MS, Mallouh C, Tazaki H, Konno S.

PURPOSE: To explore more effective treatment for hormone-refractory prostate cancer, we investigated the potential antitumor effect of beta-glucan, a polysaccharide of the Maitake mushroom, on prostatic cancer cells in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human prostate cancer PC-3 cells were treated with various concentrations of the highly purified beta-glucan preparation Grifron-D(R) (GD), and viability was determined at 24 h. ...

Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from Pepsin Digest of Maitake (Grifola frondosa)

Ohtsuru, M(a), Horio, H(b), Masui, H(c)

Three peptides which inhibit angiotension I-converting enzyme were isolated from maitake (Grifola frondosa) water extract digested by pepsin. Among them, Lys-Tyr-Thr-Phe-Ala-Val-Thr-Thr-Val-Lys-Thr-Trp-Val had the strongest angiotensinI-converting enzyme inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 2.6 mcM, ...

Effect of maitake (Grifola frondosa) water extract on inhibition of adipocyte conversion of C3H10T1/2B2C1 cells

Nakai R, Masui H, Horio H, Ohtsuru M.

We investigated the effect of maitake (Grifola frondosa) water extract on inhibiting the conversion of C3H10T1/2B2C1 cells into adipocytes. Maitake water extract was fractionated by molecular sieve. Heat-labile compounds strongly inhibiting adipocyte conversion proved to occur in fractions of molecular weight of more than 10,000 on the basis of activity measurement of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Activity of Edible Mushrooms Against the Growth of Human T4 Leukemic Cancer Cells, HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells and Plasmodium falciparum

Lovy, A(a), Knowles, B(b), Labbe, R, Nolan(c), L(b)

Several edible Hymenomycete mushroom species have been screened as possible inhibitors of human T4 leukemic cancer cells, HeLa cervical cancer cells, Plasmodium falciparum (a pyrimethamine resistant malarial parasite), and six pathogenic microorganisms. Grifola frondosa, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula edodes, and Laetiporus sulphurues demonstrated activity against human T4 leukemic cancer cells. ...

Activation of murine kupffer cells by administration with gel-forming (1->3)-beta-D-glucan from Grifola frondosa

Adachi Y, Ohno N, Yadomae T.

The effect of gel-forming (1->3)-beta-D-glucan on the immunological activities of murine kupffer cells was examined. A branched type gel-forming (1->3)-beta-D-glucan, GRN, was administered intravenously to mice. GRN associating to kupffer cells was detected by an immunohistochemical technique using anti-GRN antibody. A kinetic study of the activation of kupffer cells revealed that GRN could induce the enhanced production of cytokines and nitric oxide on 4 to 7 d after the administration. The activities are further augmented by adding GRN in the culture. The cytostatic activity of kupffer cells against murine lymphoma, EL-4, was also augmented by a time course similar to nitric oxide production. The cytostatic activity was reduced by adding an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, implying that the cytostatic activity of kupffer cells to EL-4 was dependent on nitric oxide. The administration of GRN increased the expression of CD11b, known as a beta-glucan receptor, on kupffer cells at day 7. The above data suggest that GRN could activate murine kupffer cells to enhance the production of cytokines and nitric oxide, and that the activation required 4 or 7 d, at least, after the administration with GRN.

Effect of Maitake D-Fraction on Cancer Prevention

Nanba, H

In this paper, the author investigates whether D-fraction is effective against chemically-induced cancer and against metastasis or recrudescence of MM-46 breast cancer. The known carcinogen, methylcholanthrene, was injected into mice. Subsequently, D-fraction or saline was administered. In the D-fraction-treated mice, carcinogenesis occurred in 31% of cases relative to 93% of cases in the control. ...

Maitake D-Fraction: Healing and Preventive Potential for Cancer

Nanba, H

Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan

Author has been studying medicinal mushrooms for the last 15 years and has reported that of all mushrooms studied, Maitake Mushroom (Grifola frondosa) has the strongest activity in tumor growth inhibition both in administered orally and intraperitoneally. In this report, Maitake extract D-fraction was investigated to determine its effectiveness not only on the inhibition against tumors already growing, but also on the inhibition of formation of the secondary focus due to metastasis ...

Effects of Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa and Pleurotus ostreatus administration on cancer outbreak, and activities of macrophages and lymphocytes in mice treated with a carcinogen, N-butyl-N-butanolnitrosoamine

Kurashige S, Akuzawa Y, Endo F.

ICR mice were treated with a carcinogen, N-butyl-N'-butanolnitrosoamine (BBN), every day for 8 consecutive weeks and the effects of oral administration of edible mushrooms on the induction of urinary bladder carcinoma and on the activities of macrophages and lymphocytes were studied. Bladder carcinoma were found in all 10 mice (100%) treated with BBN alone, while we observed carcinoma only in 9 of 17 mice (52.9%), ...

Sterol Constituents from the Fruit Bodies of Grifola frondosa

Ishizuka, T, Yaoita, Y, Kikuchi, M

Tohoku College of Pharmacy

Four new sterols, 5 alpha, 6alpha-epoxy-(22E, 24R)-ergosta-8 (14), 22-diene-3beta, 7beta-diol (1), (22E, 24R)-ergosta - 8,22-diene-3beta,5alpha,6beta7alpha-tetrol (2), (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,9(11), 22-triene-3beta,5alpha,6beta-triol (3) and 3beta,5alpha6beta-trihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergost-22-en-7-one (4), have been isolated from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa together with fourteen known ones (5-18), ...

Anti-hyperliposis effect of maitake fruit body (Grifola frondosa)

Kubo K, Nanba H.

Experimental rat models (5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats) with hyperlipemia were prepared by feeding high-cholesterol feed containing sodium cholate and casein as a protein source. Dried maitake (Grifola frondosa) powder was mixed with the basic high-cholesterol feed and the serum lipids were periodically measured. Values of cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in serum of rats in the maitake-feed group were suppressed by 0.3-0.8 times ...

Blood clearance of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan in MRL lpr/lpr mice

Miura NN, Ohno N, Aketagawa J, Tamura H, Tanaka S, Yadomae T.

(1->3)-beta-D-Glucans have a variety of biological and immunopharmacological properties, and they are used clinically as biological response modifiers (BRMs). Clinically, these glucans have often been used for long periods by multiple dosing. During studies on the clearance and metabolism of the glucans in mice, we have found that, in the case of a single dose, the glucan was cleared from blood eventually, ...

The effect of maitake mushrooms on liver and serum lipids

Kubo K, Nanba H.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of maitake mushrooms in inhibiting the elevation of liver and serum lipids in rats. DESIGN: Sprague-Dawley rats with hyperlipidemia were used to measure and compare the values of cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides between cholesterol-fed rats and rats whose diets were fortified with 20% maitake mushroom dried powder. ...

Anti Diabetic Mechanism of Maitake (Grifola frondosa)

Kubo, K, Nanba, H

Glucose Tolerance Tests were conducted on KK-A mice, model animals of NIDDM (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus). The elevated blood glucose levels after 15 minutes and 30 minutes of Maitake-fed group were 0.64 times and 0.76 times those of the control group respectively, indicating inhibition of a significant blood glucose increase. Insulin receptor capability of liver cells then was examined using the liver perfusion method. ...

Effect of beta-glucans on the nitric oxide synthesis by peritoneal macrophage in mice

Ohno N, Egawa Y, Hashimoto T, Adachi Y, Yadomae T.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important effector molecule on antimicrobial and antitumor effects of macrophages. (1 -> 3)-beta-D-Glucan (beta-glucan) is well known to show various immunopharmacological effects such as antimicrobial effect and antitumor effect by activating various points of host defense mechanisms. This paper deals with NO synthetic activity of peritoneal macrophage (PM) induced by beta-glucan administration in mice. ...

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[#1995-06] Explore. 1995; 6(5): 19-21.

Results of Non-Controlled Clinical Study for Various Cancer Patients Using Maitake D-Fraction

Nanba, H

A non-randomized clinical study using D-fraction and Maitake crude tablets was conducted to investigate if those are effective against cancer patients as they were against animals. The study was carried out with 165 patients with advanced cancer, stage III-IV, 25-65 years old. Most of the patients receiving the Maitake treatment claimed improvement of overall symptoms. The highest response rates were seen with breast, lung, and liver cancer patients. ...

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[#1995-05] Explore. 1995; 6(2): 3-8.

Antitumor Activity in Mice by Beta-Glucan Obtained from Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Adachi, K, Nanba, H, Kuroda, H

A polysaccharide (3-branched beta-1,6-glucan MT-2) extracted from fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (Maitake) showed an antitumor effect against mouse syngeneic tumors (MM-46 carcinoma and IMC-carcinoma). It not only directly activates various effector cells (microphages, natural killer cells, killer T cells, etc.) to attack tumor cells, but also potentiates the activities of various mediators including lymphokines and interleukin-1. ...

Activity of Maitake D-Fraction to Inhibit Carcinogenesis and Metastasis

Nanba, H

Of all the medicinal mushrooms studied by the author, the Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) has the strongest antitumor activity in tumor growth inhibition both when administered orally and intraperitoneally. In fact, most of the other mushroom extracts are reported ineffective when given orally. In this report, the author investigated Maitake's activities on the inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis in mouse models of cancer. It was found that Maitake D-Fraction, the beta-glucan extract from the fruit body of the mushroom, inhibited both carcinogenesis and metastasis to a high degree (91% in both cases).

Structure-activity relationship of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans in the induction of cytokine production from macrophages, in vitro

Okazaki M, Adachi Y, Ohno N, Yadomae T.

In a previous study, we reported that one of the gel-forming (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, grifolan (from Grifola frondosa, GRN), stimulated cytokine production from macrophages in vitro. However, several other gel-forming (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, such as sonifilan (SPG) and SSG, did not induce cytokine production from macrophages. ...

Enhancement of LPS triggered TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) production by (1->3)-beta-D-glucans in mice

Ohno N, Asada N, Adachi Y, Yadomae T.

Effects of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in mice in vivo were investigated with or without triggering stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Administration of grifolan (GRN) (100-250 mcg/mouse) obtained from Grifola frondosa, did not elevate the TNF-alpha concentration in serum, but significantly elevated LPS (10 mcg/mouse)-elicited TNF-alpha production in serum. ...

Effects of Administration of Grifola frondosa on Glucose Tolerance and Glucosuria in Rats with Experimental Diabetes

Horio, H(a), Ohtsuru, M(b)

The effects of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) on blood glucose levels in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were investigated. Diabetic rats were produced by injecting 80 mg/kg streptozotocin into 2-day-old neonates. From the age of 9 weeks, the rats were given Maitake as a dietary admixture at 20% food weight for 180 days. ...

Monoclonal antibody to proteoglycan derived from Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Hirata A, Adachi Y, Itoh W, Komoda M, Tabata K, Sugawara I.

A murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) was prepared by immunizing BALB/c mice with a proteoglycan fraction derived from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom), followed by the hybridization of spleen cells with mouse myeloma cells. The MAb (subclass; Ig G2b), designated MPG2, reacted with schizophyllan (SPG), curdlan, scleroglucan, laminarin and lentinan, but not with dextran, pullulan, mannan and xylan. ...

Enhancement of cytokine production by macrophages stimulated with (1->3)-beta-D-glucan, grifolan (GRN), isolated from Grifola frondosa

Adachi Y, Okazaki M, Ohno N, Yadomae T.

The ability of grifolan (GRN), a purified fungal (1->3)-beta-D-glucan, to induce various cytokines from macrophages was examined in vitro. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) activity in supernatants from the culture of macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 was dependent on increasing doses of GRN. The level of IL-6 induced with 500 micrograms/ml of GRN was comparable to that induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10 micrograms/ml. ...

Chemical Modification and Antitumor Activity of Polysaccharides from the Mycelium of Liquid-Cultured Grifola frondosa

Zhuang, C(a), Mizuno, T(b), Ito, H(c), Shimura, K(c)

Twenty-three chemically modified polysaccharides, including five polyaldehyde-, ten polyalcohol-, four formylated-polysaccharides and four formolysis products of polysaccharides, were prepared from nine mycelial polysacharides of Grifola frondosa. Although two of the original polysaccharides (FA-3, Fa-2-b-beta and FII-b) had no activity, their polyaldehyde-, polyol-, formylated-, and formolysis derivatives showed significant activity. ...

Antitumor Activity and Immunological Property of Polysaccharides from the Mycelium of Liquid-Cultured Grifola frondosa

Zhuang, C(a), Mizuno, T(b), Ito, H(c), Shimura, K(c), Sumiya, T(d), Kawade, M(d)

A systematic method for the fractionation and purification of antitumor polysaccharide fractions from the mycelium of liquid-cultured Grifola frondosa was established. Twenty-three polysaccharide fractions were obtained. FI0-a-alpha, FI0-a-beta, FA-1, and FA-2-b-alpha, in water-soluble fractions showed better antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 mice, FIII-1-a, FIII-1-b, FIII-2-a, FIII-2-b, and FIII-2-c in water-insoluble fractions markedly inhibited the growth of Sarcoma 180 mice. ...

Fractionation and Antitumor Activity of Polysaccharides from Grifola frondosa Mycelium

Zhuang, C, Mizuno, T, Ito, H, Shimura, K, Sumiya, T, Kawade, M

We developed a method for the fractionation and purification of antitumor polysaccharides, considered to be a type of immunopotentiator or BRM (biological response modifier), from the mycelium of liquid cultured Grifola frondosa. The active polysaccharide fractions that showed higher antitumor activity were considered to be heteroglycans or their protein complexes as follows, ...

Anti-diabetic activity present in the fruit body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake) Kubo K(a), Aoki H(b), Nanba H(c) The fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake), Basidiomycetes was confirmed to contain substances with anti-diabetic activity. When 1 g/d of powdered fruit body of maitake was given orally to a genetically diabetic mouse (KK-Ay), blood glucose reduction was observed, in contrast to the control group in which the blood glucose increased with ageing. ...

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[#1993-03] Explore. 1993; 4(5): 17-9.

Anti-Hypertensive Effect by the King of Mushrooms

Nanba, H

The fungi which belong to Basidiomycetes have been used as herbal medicines for a long time. It has been found that shiitake (Lentinus edodes) and mannentake or reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) are effective against essential hypertension. The author was quite curious about the hypotensive action of Maitake (Grifola frondosa), another mushrooom belonging to basidiomycetes. In fact, the finding of this activity was a result of studying the antitumor activity of Maitake. ...

Application of limulus test (G pathway) for the detection of different conformers of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans

Nagi N, Ohno N, Adachi Y, Aketagawa J, Tamura H, Shibata Y, Tanaka S, Yadomae T.

The reactivity of factor G mediated coagulation pathway in limulus amebocyte lysate which is triggered by (1->3)-beta-D-glucans is thought to depend on the structure of the glucans, especially on the ultrastructure: triple helix, single helix and random coil. We used Sonifilan (SPG) and grifolan (GRN) as parent compounds to compare the reactivities of these three conformers. ...

Inhibitory Effect of Beta-Glucans on Zymosan-Mediated Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Murine Peritoneal Macrophages in Vitro

Adachi, Y, Ohno, N, Yadomae, T

Effects of the pretreatment of murine peritoneal macrophages with several polysaccharides on the production of H₂O₂ induced with unopsonized zymosan were examined. Pretreatment with most of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans for 6h at 37deg C inhibited the zymosan-mediated H₂O₂ production by macrophages. The phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-mediated H₂O₂ production was not affected by the pretreatment. ...

Chemical Structure of Water-Soluble Alpha-Glucan in the Fruit Body of Grifola Frondosa

Wei, B, Wu, Y, Okumura, N, Yamaguchi, R, Ueno, Y, Kato, K

Alpha-glucan composed of only D-glucose was extracted with boiling water from the fruit body of Grifola frondosa and purified through the columns of DEAE-cellulose (borate form) and Sepharose CL-4B. The polysaccharide was found to be a glycogen-type from the results of methylation study and enzymic hydrolysis. ...

Enhancement of clot formation of human plasma by beta-glucans

Ohno N, Suzuki T, Saito K, Yadomae T.

Effects of (1-3)-beta-D-glucans on clot formation of human plasma were examined. Gel forming 6 branched (1-3)-beta-D-glucans, SSG, branched at every other main chain glucosyl unit, grifolan (GRN) and schizophyllan, branched at one third of main chain glucosyl unit, enhanced clot formation of human plasma. ...

Change of biological activities of (1-3)-beta-D-glucan from Grifola frondosa upon molecular weight reduction by heat treatment

Adachi Y, Ohno N, Ohsawa M, Oikawa S, Yadomae T.

Changes of biological activities manifested by (1-6)-branched (1-3)-beta-D-glucans of various molecular weights obtained by heat treatment of the corresponding intact beta-glucan at 150 degrees C (HD-LE) were examined. The activities assessed in this study were as follows: an antitumor activity, activation of alternative complement pathway, ...

An Alkali-Soluble Alpha-D-Glucan from the Fruiting Body of Grifola frondosa

Kato, K, Kawaguchi, M, Kumada, K, Yamauchi, R, Ueno, Y

Previously, we reported studies of the polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting body of the basidiomycete Grifola frondosa with 10% aqueous zinc choride (designated F4) and 10% aqueous sodium hyroxide (designated F7 and F8). In continuation of this work, we now describe the isolation of an alkali-soluble alpha-D-glucan present in the fruiting body. ...

Isolation and characterization of a lectin from Grifola frondosa fruiting bodies

Kawagishi H, Nomura A, Mizuno T, Kimura A, Chiba S.

An N-acetylgalactosamine-specific lectin (GFL) was isolated from Grifola frondosa fruiting bodies by affinity chromatographies on acid-treated Sepharose CL-4B and then GalNAc-Toyopearl. The isolated lectin agglutinated all types of erythrocytes equally. Molecular masses estimated by gel filtration under various buffers and matrices varied from 30 to 52 kDa. ...

Antitumor Effect of Orally Administered Extracts from Fruit Body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Yamada, Y, Nanba, H, Kuroda, H

We conducted a footpad swelling test to clarify whether a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction against tumor antigen is potentiated by oral administration of D-fraction extracted and purified from fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake) with a ratio of beta-glucan to protein of 7:3. When the antigen was injected in D-fraction administered tumor-bearing mice (D-mice), footpad swelling was observed, ...

Physiochemical properties and antitumor activities of chemically modified derivatives of antitumor glucan "grifolan LE" from Grifola frondosa

Adachi Y, Ohno N, Ohsawa M, Sato K, Oikawa S, Yadomae T.

Antitumor glucan, grifolan LE (GRN LE), from Grifola frondosa was chemically modified to examine the structure-function relationship of the products. Modification by periodate, borohydride and acid hydrolysis of side chains of GRN LE did not alter properties such as helical conformation and antitumor activity of GRN LE. ...

Antitumor Activity Exhibited by Orally Administered Extract from Fruit Body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Hishida, I, Nanba, H, Kuroda, H

The acid-insoluble, alkali-soluble, hot water-extractable polymer (a polysaccharide containing approximately 30% of protein; D-fraction) obtained from the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (maitake) exhibited antitumor activities against allogenic and syngeneic tumors on oral administration to mice. Winn assay conducted to examine the tumor growth-suppressing effect revealed a complete inhibition of the tumor by the oral administration of D-fraction. ...

Blood Pressure-Lowering Activity Present in the Fruit Body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Adachi, K, Nanba, H, Otsuka, M, Kuroda, H

The fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake), Basidiomycetes, was confirmed to contain a substance with blood pressure-lowering activity. When powdered fruit body of maitake was given orally to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), blood pressure reduction was observed, in contrast to the control group in which the blood pressure increased with aging. ...

Conformational Changes of the Two Different Conformers of Grifolan in Sodium Hydroxide, Urea or Dimethylsulfoxide Solution

Ohno, N (a), Adachi, Y(a), Ohsawa, M (b), Sato, K (b),Oikawa, S (b), Yadomae, T (b)

Grifolan is an antitumor (1→3)-beta-D-glucan with a beta-glucosyl substitution at C-6 of every three main chain units, and is produced by Grifola frondosa. Grifolan possesses two different solid-state conformations, N (native) and H(helix) (N. Ohno et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 34, 2555(1986)), and both form a gel in an aqueous neutral media. ...

Host-mediated antitumor effect of grifolan NMF-5N, a polysaccharide obtained from Grifola frondosa

Takeyama T, Suzuki I, Ohno N, Oikawa S, Sato K, Ohsawa M, Yadomae T.

The antitumor mechanism of grifolan NMF-5N, a beta-1,3-glucan obtained from mycelia of Grifola frondosa, was examined. Grifolan NMF-5N did not show direct cytocidal effect on cultured tumor cells. However, intraperitoneal injection of grifolan NMF-5N increased the number of peritoneal exudate cells and peritoneal adherent cells which showed cytostatic activity towards syngeneic tumor cells.

Antitumor Activities of Edible Mushrooms by Oral Administration

Mori, K (a), Toyomasu, H (a), Nanba, H (b), Kuroda, H (b)

Antitumor activities of edible mushrooms were investigated by breeding mice with the feed containing 10-30% (w/w) powdered fruit bodies. In allogeneic tumor systems (Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice), the tumor growth was suppressed to 40-50% by oral administration of edible mushrooms. ...

Effect of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) and Maitake (Grifola frondosa) Mushrooms on Blood Pressure and Plasma Lipids of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Kabir, Y, Yamaguchi, M, Kimura, S

To study the effect of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) and Maitake (Grifola frondosa) on hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive rats were fed a diet containing 5% mushroom powder and 0.5% NaCl solution as drinking water for 9 weeks. The dietary mushrooms decreased the blood pressure. ...

The Chemical Structure of an Antitumor Polysaccharide in Fruit Bodies of Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Nanba, H, Hamaguchi, A, Kuroda, H

A polysaccharide was extracted from fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (maitake), and the chemical structure and antitumor activity was studied. The extracted polysaccharide could be hydrolyzed by beta-glucanase into glucose, indicating it to be a beta-glucan. The sample gave methyl 2,3,,4,6-tetra-O-methyl 2,3,6-tri-O-, methyl2,3,4-tri-O- and methyl 2,4-di-O-methylglucoside in the molar ratio of 4:2:1:4 on methylation. ...

Potentiation of Host-Mediated Antitumor Activity in Mice by Beta-Glucan Obtained from Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Adachi, K, Nanba, H, Kuroda, H

A polysaccharide (3-branched beta-1,6-glucan MT-2) extracted from fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa (maitake) showed an antitumor effect against mouse syngeneic tumors (MM-46 carcinoma and IMC-carcinoma). It not only directly activates various effector cells (macrophages, Natural Killer cells, killer T-cells, etc.) to attack tumor cells, ...

Effect of Glucans on the Antitumor Activity of Grifolan

Ohno, N(a), Hayashi, M (a), Iino, K (a), Suzuki, I (a), Oikawa, S (b), Sato, K (b), Suzuki, Y (b), Yadomae , T (a)

The effects of antitumor active [beta-1,3-glucan(grifolan)] and inactive [beta-1,6-(islandican), alpha-1,4-(starch)]glucans in mice were compared. Beta-1,6-Glucan enhanced the antitumor activity of grifolan, whereas alpha-1,4-glucan showed a suppressive effect on the antitumor activity of grifolan. When these glucans were injected i.p. into normal mice, the glucans disappeared gradually. ...

Fractionation and Characterization of Antitumor Polysaccharides from Maitake, Grifola frondosa

Mizuno, T, Ohsawa, K, Hagiwara, N, Kuboyama, R

Three groups of polysaccharides from the edible mushroom, "Maitake", the cultured fruiting body of Grifola frondosa, were extracted with hot water, 3% NH4-oxalate (100 degC), and 5% sodium hydroxide solution (30 degC) in this order. The three fractions, FI, FII, and FIII, were divided into several sub-fractions using various chromatagraphic techniques. ...

Antitumor activity of a beta-1,3-glucan obtained from liquid cultured mycelium of Grifola frondosa

Ohno N, Adachi Y, Suzuki I, Oikawa S, Sato K, Ohsawa M, Yadomae T.

The antitumor activity of a branched beta-1,3-glucan "grifolan LE" purified from liquid cultures of Grifola frondosa (Ohno et al. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 34, 1709-1715, 1986) was examined on an allogeneic murine tumor system. By intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration (100-200 micrograms/mouse/d X 5) at days 1 to 9 from the tumor transplantation, grifolan LE showed marked inhibitory activity on the growth of solid form sarcoma 180 in ICR mice. ...

Two Different Conformations of Antitumor Glucans Obtained from Grifola frondosa

Ohno, N (a), Adachi, A (a), Suzuki, A (a), Oikawa, S (b), Sato, K (b), Suzuki, Y (b), Ohsawa, M (b), Yadomae, T (a)

Several antitumor glucan fractions obtained by various extraction procedures from Grifola frondosa were compared by solution and solid (cross polarization, magic angle spinning (CP/MAS)) carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ...

Characterization of the Antitumor Glucan Obtained from Liquid-Cultured Grifola frondosa

Ohno, N (a), Adachi, Y (a), Suzuki, I (a), Sato, K (b), Oikawa, S (b), Yadomae, T(a)

Chemical characterization of the extracts, and purification and structural characterization of an antitumor glucan obtained from liquid-cultured mycelium of Grifola frondosa are described in this paper. The mycelium (13 g dry weight/l culture) was extracted successively with hot water (LMHW, 14.9 g/100g mycelium), cold alkali (LMCA, 6.3g/100g mycelium), and hot alkali (LMHA, 4.5g/100g mycelium). ...

Effect of a polysaccharide fraction from Grifola frondosa on immune response in mice

Suzuki I, Itani T, Ohno N, Oikawa S, Sato K, Miyazaki T, Yadomae T.

The biological and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharide fraction (GF-1), an antitumor poysaccharide fraction from cultured fruiting bodies of Grifola frondosa, was examined in mice. GF-1 showed no cytocidal effect on culturing tumor cells. However, GF-1 induced resistance against Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice which had completely regressed from the tumor by the effect of GF-1. ...

Structural Characterization of a Neutral Antitumor Beta-D-Glucan Extracted with Hot Sodium Hydroxide from Cultured Fruit Bodies of Grifola frondosa

Iino, K(a), Ohno, N(a), Suzuki, I(a), Miyazaki, T(a), Yadomae, T(a), Oikawa, S(b), Sata, K(b)

The structural characterization of an antitumor beta-D-glucan (grifolan-7N) obtained from the hot sodium hydroxide extract of Grifola frondosa, is described. Grifolan-7N, purified by digestion with alpha-amylase, precipitation with ethanol, and chromatography on Con-A-Sepharose, gave a single and symmetrical peak on gel filtration with Sepharose CL-4B (0.2M NaOH/8M Urea) and had a molecular weight of ~ 1,200,000. ...

Structure-Function Relationship of Antitumor Beta-1,3-Glucan Obtained from Matted Mycelium of Cultured Grifola frondosa

Iino, K(a), Ohno, N(a), Suzuki, I(a), Sata, K(b), Oikawa, S(b), Yadomae, T(a)

The structure-function relationship of the antitumor 6-branched beta-1,3-glucan (grifolanNMF-5N) extracted from the matted mycelium of Grifola frondosa was examined by using various chemical modification procedures (periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, and enzymic hydrolysis). ...

Purification and Structural Characterization of an Antitumor Beta-1,3-glucan Isolated from Hot Water Extract of the Fruit Body of Cultured Grifola frondosa

Ohno, N(a), Suzuki, I(a), Sato, K(b), Oikawa, S(b), Miyazaki, T(a), Yadomae, T(a)

Polysaccharides in the hot water extract of the fruit bodies of G. frondosa contain alpha-1,4-, alpha-1,6-, beta-1,6- and beta-1,3-glucosidic linkages, and include an antitumor-active substance assumed to be a beta-1,3-glucan (N. Ohno et al Chem. Pharm. Bull. 32, 1142 (1984)). In this paper, the purification and structural characterization of this glucan are described. ...

Structural Characterization and Antitumor Activity of the Extracts from Matted Mycelium of Cultured Grifola frondosa

Ohno, N(a), Iino, K(a), Takeyama, T(a), Suzuki, I(a), Sato, K(b), Oikawa, S(b), Miyazaki, T(a), Yadomae, T(a)

The fruit body of Grifola frondosa, an edible mushroom, is used as a food in Japan. However, the matted mycelium of the fruit body is not utilized. In this paper, structural characterization and antitumor activity of the extracts from the matted mycelium of this fungus were examined. ...

Antitumor Activity and Structural Characterization of Glucans Extracted from Cultured Fruit Bodies of Grifola frondosa

Ohno N(a), Suzuki, I(a), Oikawa, S(b), Sato, K(b), Miyazaki, T(a), Yadomae, T(a)

Polysaccharides in the cultured fruit body of Grifola frondosa were extracted successively with hot water, aqueous zinc chloride, and cold and hot aqueous sodium hydroxide containing urea. The antitumor effect and structural features of the extracted compounds were examined. ...

Antitumor activity of a polysaccharide fraction extracted from cultured fruiting bodies of Grifola frondosa

Suzuki I, Itani T, Ohno N, Oikawa S, Sato K, Miyazaki T, Yadomae T.

Antitumor activity of a polysaccharide fraction (GF-1) extracted from cultured fruiting bodies of a fungus, Grifola frondosa, was examined on allogeneic and syngeneic tumors in mice. GF-1 had a marked inhibitory activity against the growth of subcutaneously (s.c.) inoculated Sarcoma 180 by the intraperitoneally (i.p.) injection at 0.5-5.0 mg/mouse for 10 successive days. ...

Structural Analysis of the Beta-D-Glucan Extracted with Aqueous Zinc Chloride from the Fruit Body of Grifola frondosa

Kato, K, Inagaki, T, Shigagaki, H, Yamauchi, T, Okuda, K, Sano, T, Ueno, Y

The defatted fruit-body of G. frondosa was successively extracted with water and 10% aqueous zinc chloride in an autoclave. The polysaccharide (F4) extracted with the zinc chloride solution had [alpha]D +7.9deg(c 0.3, 4% sodium hydroxide) and was composed of beta-D-glucose. ...

Structural Analysis of the Alkali-Soluble Beta-D-Glucan from the Fruit Body of Grifola frondosa

Kato, K., Inagaki, T., Teranishi, T., Yamauchi, R., Okuda, K., Sano, T., Ueno, Y.

The polysaccharide was extracted from the fruit body of G. frondosa with 10% sodium hydroxide. It was further fractionated, to afford F7(precipated by neutralization of the extract) and F8(unprecipitated). F7 and F8 were found to be homogeneous beta-D-glucans and they had [alpha]D +10deg and +3.3deg (c0.3, 4% sodium hydroxide), respectively. ...

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